Latin America Essays (1285 words) - Guatemalan Revolution

Latin America Latin America After world War II until the 1980's, numerous Latin American pioneers introduced changes to manage new requesting issues in their nation. These new changes were every now and again saw by the United States as disturbing because of the ongoing ascent of socialism on the planet. Following just about a time of union, Americans and Russians difference went to the forefront when in 1917 the Communists held onto power, and built up the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union would come to proclaimed war on the entrepreneur countries of the West. The two nations set this aside in their common contempt for each other, and battled against Germany during World War II. This coalition would reach a conclusion between 1944-45, when Joseph Stalin hoping to broaden Soviet control utilized the Soviet armed force to control a lot of Eastern Europe. This virus war contention, would before long develop into a challenge to acquire partners. The U.S. international strategy following World War II stood up to principally in helping the nations in Europe. The grouping of help to Europe was a tremendous worry to the nations of Latin America. Latin America nations needed the U.S. to stretch monetary improvement in the post war time. The U.S. accepted that it expected to advance after war monetary improvement in Latin America yet was reluctant to make a particular responsibility for help. As a locale Latin America positioned low on the U.S. need list; other territory were viewed as confronting increasingly quick Soviet dangers. The absence of consideration by the U.S. to the squeezing social. political and monetary issues in Latin America would demonstrate exorbitant to the U.S. The expense would come as new political perspectives rising to manage the current issues. The U.S. would come to focus on Latin America, that it should at the start of the virus war, and make a move to stop the spread of socialism. One of the primary circumstances looked by the U.S. was Guatemala, lead by the trooper, and leader of Guatemala, Jacobo (1951-54) whose nationalistic financial and social changes singled out gatherings of moderate landowners, and preservationist components in the military, and U.S. organizations positioned in Guatemala. The child of a Swiss drug specialist who had emigrated to Guatemala, Arbenz was instructed at the National Military Foundation of Guatemala. He later joined a gathering of radical armed force officials that ousted the Guatemalan tyrant Jorge Ubico in 1944. In March 1951 he prevailing to the administration, bolstered by the military and the left-wing ideological groups, including the Guatemalan Communist Party. Arbenz made land change the focal task of his administration, this prompted a contention with the biggest landowner in the nation, the United Natural product Company. As the land changes expanded, the U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, turned out to be progressively frightened, dreading the danger because of a huge American banana speculations. General visibility of Arbenz, was that he was a companion of socialists. The U.S., during the Eisenhower organization, started working in Honduras and El Salvador, assisting with sorting out a traditionalist armed force of outcasts drove by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas. On June 18,1954 a power of 150 attacked Guatemala from Honduras, the way to the intrusion was not the outcast power, yet the normal Guatemalan armed force. When Arbenz attempted to arm his regular citizen supporters, the military hindered the move and constrained Arbenz to leave on June 27 1954, and went into banish. Castillo Armas, would succeed Arbenz as president, turned around the greater part of the changes of the earlier decade and offered liberal concessions to remote financial specialists. During the battling, Guatemala spoke to the UN Security chamber to end the battling, however the strategic hostile succumbed to enormous force legislative issues by the U.S., which was leading the board in June of 1954. Another circumstance where the U.S. attempted to force their will on Latin America, was the attack of at the Bay of Pigs April 17, 1961. The attack was financed and coordinated by the CIA, inside a half year of Castro's oust of Cuban despot, Fulgencio Batista's in January 1959. Relations between the Castro government and the US started to decay. The new Cuban government, under Fidel Castro appropriated private property, sent specialists to start insurgencies in a few Latin American nations, and built up strategic and financial binds with driving communist forces, for example, USSR In June Congress had passed enactment empowering President Dwight D. to make retaliatory strides against Cuba. The United States cut off sugar buys from Cuba furthermore, soon a short time later positioned a ban on

Eng lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eng lit - Essay Example Victorian time, Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"Man Who Would be King† from the later Victorian time and George Orwell’s 1984 written in the period referred to just as the twentieth century. Starting with William Blake’s short sonnet â€Å"London†, written in 1794 and remembered for his assortment entitled Songs of Experience, hints of political agitation can be found as the scenes and hints of a stroll down the London avenues are accounted for. The main indications that something isn't directly inside the city can be found in the principal lines of the sonnet, â€Å"A mark in each face I meet,/Marks of shortcoming, signs of woe† (3-4). These remarks wouldn’t essentially propose a poor political circumstance, then again, actually the indications of rot and distress are found in each face experienced as the speaker strolls down what is attempted to be a normal London road. This is fortified in the second verse as the speaker says, â€Å"In each cry of each man,/In each infant’s cry of dread,/In each voice, in each boycott,/The psyche produced handcuffs I hear† (4-8). In this, it is evident that somebody is controlling these indivi duals, despite the fact that it stays muddled if the ‘mind-produced manacles’ are of their own creation or somebody else’s. In any case, as a result of the consideration of babies, who can't in any way, shape or form be forcing brutal occasions on themselves just as the notice of bans, which are posted laws, it is demonstrated that the hardships being experienced are forced from a higher source, for example, the legislature. This is again fortified in the third refrain when the speaker shows that the rot of the city has reached even similar to the places of worship: â€Å"How the stack sweepers cry/Every darkening church appals† (9-10) and the city’s protections as â€Å"the hapless soldier[‘s]† moan is made obvious as it â€Å"runs in blood down royal residence walls† (12). All through the sonnet, at that point, albeit no particular notice is made of issues influencing the individuals, the influences are in any case clarified. S omething isn't working

Comparative Psychology and Animal Behavior

Comparative Psychology and Animal Behavior Theories Print Comparative Psychology and Animal Behavior By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 25, 2019 Grace Chon / Image Source / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Modern research on animal behavior began with the work of Charles Darwin and Georges Romanes, and the field has grown into a multidisciplinary subject. Today, biologists, psychologists, anthropologists, ecologists, geneticists, and many others contribute to the study of animal behavior. Comparative psychology often utilizes a comparative method to study animal behavior. The comparative method involves comparing the similarities and differences among species to gain an understanding of evolutionary relationships. The comparative method can also be used to compare modern species of animals to ancient species. A Brief History Pierre Flourens, a student of Charles Darwin and George Romanes, became the first to use the term in his book Comparative Psychology (Psychologie Comparée), which was published in 1864. In 1882, Romanes published his book Animal Intelligence, in which he proposed a science and system of comparing animal and human behaviors. Other important comparative thinkers included C. Lloyd Morgan and Konrad Lorenz. The development of comparative psychology was also influenced by learning psychologists, including Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike, and by behaviorists, including John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Why Study Animal Behavior? Studying what animals do and comparing different species can offer useful information about human behaviors. To gain insight into evolutionary processes. The Society for Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology, which is a division of the American Psychological Association, suggests that looking at the similarities and differences between human and animal behaviors can also be useful for gaining insights into developmental and evolutionary processes. To generalize information to human beings. Another purpose of studying animal behavior in the hope that some of these observations may be generalized to human populations. Historically, animal studies have been used to suggest whether certain medications might be safe and appropriate for humans, whether certain surgical procedures might work in humans, and whether certain learning approaches might be useful in classrooms. Consider the work of learning and behaviorist theorists. Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning studies with dogs demonstrated that animals could be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell. This work was then taken and applied to training situations with humans as well. B.F. Skinner’s research with rats and pigeons yielded valuable insights into the operant conditioning processes that could then be applied to situations with humans. What is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work? To study developmental processes. Comparative psychology has also famously been used to study developmental processes. In Konrad Lorenzs well-known imprinting experiments, he discovered that geese and ducks have a critical period of development in which they must attach to a parental figure, a process known as imprinting. Lorenz even found that he could get the birds to imprint on himself. If the animals missed this vital opportunity, they would not develop attachment later in life. During the 1950s, psychologist Harry Harlow conducted a series of disturbing experiments on maternal deprivation. Infant rhesus monkeys were separated from their mothers. In some variations of the experiments, the young monkeys would be reared by wire mothers. One mother would be covered in cloth while the other provided nourishment. Harlow found that the monkeys would primarily seek the comfort of the cloth mother versus the nourishment of the wire mother. In all instances of his experiments, Harlow found that this early maternal deprivation led to serious and irreversible emotional damage. These deprived monkeys became unable to integrate socially, unable to form attachments, and were severely emotionally disturbed. Harlows work has been used to suggest that human children also have a critical window in which to form attachments. When these attachments are not formed during the early years of childhood, psychologists suggest, long-term emotional damage can result. Major Topics of Interest Comparative psychologists sometimes focus on individual behaviors of certain animal species, like primates, to learn more about topics such as personal grooming, play, nesting, hoarding, eating, and movement behaviors. Other topics that comparative psychologists might study include reproductive behaviors, imprinting, social behaviors, learning, consciousness, communication, instincts, and motivations. Comparative Psychologists Often Study: Evolution: How evolutionary processes have contributed to certain patterns of behaviorHeredity: How genetics contributes to behaviorAdaptation and learning: How the environment contributes to behaviorMating: How different species reproduceParenting: How parental behaviors contribute to offspring behavior A Word From Verywell The study of animal behavior can lead to a deeper and broader understanding of human psychology. Research on animal behavior has led to numerous discoveries about human behavior, such as Ivan Pavlovs research on classical conditioning or Harry Harlows work with rhesus monkeys. Students of biological sciences and social sciences can benefit from studying comparative psychology.

Ten Things to Stop Doing If You Are Stressed. Essay

Stress is unavoidable. It comes in many different forms and affects every person differently. Depending on personality and outlook on life, a person’s response to â€Å"†¦stress can be a neutral, negative, or positive experience† (Stà ¶ppler). Most people don’t know the proper way to handle stress, so they wish that they could avoid it all together. However, once the proper way to cope with stress is learned, it can be a positive experience in everyone’s life. The first step to handling stress is simply knowing why it is present. When there is a problem that is hard to handle, it is human nature to feel worried, confused, hopeless, or anxious (Martin). The causes of stress vary from person to person and can be both internal and external issues.†¦show more content†¦Consequently they tend to be less stress-prone† (DiscoveryHealth.com writers). Our personalities are formed starting when we are infants. Part of our personality comes from our genetic makeup, while the other parts come from our personal chemistry and reaction to experiences. When these three things are put together, they form an individual’s way of thinking, acting, feeling, and believing- their personality. A person’s reaction to an experience determines how stressful situations become for them. If an individual is always on the bright side and thinks things like â€Å"I can handle this†, then they will have an easier time handling stress than someone who thinks â€Å"This is terrible. I’m going crazy†. The power of our mind is incredible. We can imagine ourselves into any mental or emotional state we choose (Martin). That’s why optimists always have the upper hand when it comes to stress. Instead of believing that the situation couldn’t get any worse, they choose to let themselves learn from their stress by focusing on the positive. Even if their personalities are similar, people of different genders and ages cope with stress very differently. Studies have shown that women get stressed more often than men, but men’s stress tends to be more severe. Although men deal with their stress better than women, a woman has an easier time with the coping process. This is because females usually have stronger support systems. Having thisShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Stress on Teenagers Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesShe lives in a household with her dad who is a single parent and her two younger brothers. She takes care of her younger brothers most of the time while her dad works the night shift. On a daily basis Abby experiences many different things that make her feel stressed. Abby’s alarm goes off at 5:45 she struggles to drag herself out of bed still exhausted from the responsibilities of yesterday. She hops in the shower and gets herself ready for the day. She then wakes up her two younger brothers, whileRead MoreIs Eating A Healthy Diet?1171 Words   |  5 Pagesall sort of things that can go wrong on that side of the spectrum. Low calories can cause the metabolism to slow down by throwing your hormones all out of whack. Then there’s the fallacy that somehow consuming less junk (100 calorie snack packs, anyone?) is somehow better for you. It’s kind of like a pack a day smoker cutting down to a quarter pack. Better, but by no means good. Let’s say, for the sake of argument though (and the length and subject matter of this article), that you are eating aRead MoreThe Importance Of Homework On Your Own Words1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdone in a shorter amount of time. Speaking in non-realistic terms, my teachers could decide to cancel all tests and/or homework. Write a realistic story about how the worse version you identified in step 2 might actually take place. What would have to change in you and the others involved to make things even worse? Once you have written your story, estimate (from 0% to 100%) how likely it is to come true. In order for me to obtain more homework from my classes, my teachers would need to either decideRead MoreHow Do You Do It For More Faster?913 Words   |  4 Pages#12. Life is always from born to die, the times between born to die are always grow up, learns, develop things, and processes things that you had learned. Baby grows, and during the time growing up there will be a lots of things that coming up and learn things by the time. Not only grow from physical but also grow in mental by learning thing in the life, that mean they develop things that they learn by the time when they grow and questions about how, what, when, why,†¦etc. For example, I have to watchRead MoreArgumentative Essay - Pro Crastination1113 Words   |  5 Pagesout, I was right to procrastinate. Procrastination, according to Merriam-Webster, is intentionally putting off the doing of something that should be done. This is something almost all students do-- we all know that guilty feeling when you are about to start a homework assignment but put it off to take that â€Å"Choose Your Favorite Puppies and We’ll Tell You What Type of Pineapple Pizza You Are† Buzzfeed quiz. Because of this, procrastination seems to be synonymous with time wasting, lazy students whoRead MorePhysical Health Does Affect Education1453 Words   |  6 Pagesaffects everything because if your body doesn’t want to correspond then you can’t do well. One can get too stressed and they can stop eating and if people don’t eat they don’t perform well in school. One can get ill leading them to stop going to school for a while and their education starts to get affected. Girls can also have sexual interaction leading to pregnancy and they can stop their education and continue it later or stop for good. Also if teenagers get injured they can be in the hospital forRead MoreI Got Like Sewing Needles1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthe bridge on which I was standing, and as I strolled acros s, I took a deep breath of the clean air. The smell made me feel alive. I smelled beauty and change. I smelled roses and perfume. I continued to follow the scent, and I immediately came to a stop. The citrusy scent filled my tiny nose as I strolled down what now looked like a neighborhood, a very technologically advanced one that is. The neighborhood like a tree. The houses were the leaves and the trunk was was the central stem that held itRead MoreAn Everyday Thing - Original Writing Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesAn Everyday Thing. Before my sister and I started college, we usually cleaned the house during the weekends, but since my sister started college, she wants to clean the house everyday. Living with ten people in one house is not easy and less if the majority of the people are children. Every Sunday all my uncles and aunts come to my house to eat. We are a big family, so you can imagine how the house gets after they leave. Candy wrapper everywhere, the dishwasher was full, it was a MondayRead MoreStandardized Tests Cause Reduced Content Knowledge868 Words   |  4 Pages There are many ways to test if a student or teacher is doing an effective job or not, but have you ever considered what kind of harmful stress the test is putting on these students and teachers? Teachers are graded on how effectively they are teaching their students and students are looked at to see if they are making progress and often told whether they can go on to the next grade or not. This kind of test can cause a great deal of stress and often kids completely giving up. These test cause stressRead MoreGraduation Speech : Becoming A Ninth Grader985 Words   |  4 Pageslife, which you should be proud of. However, you should also understand that expectations at this stage are higher than ever. Your teachers will give you more homework with shorter deadlines, and most of the work will be your responsibility. Do not be anxious, as I will help you with ten good study habits you can form to make your high school experience awesome! Firstly, know that doing great on tests and exams requires commitment. This means you have to study in advance for tests, so you fully and

The Tragedy Of Louis And Louis - 1819 Words

It had been three days since the papers released the official statement, and Louis phone had barely stopped vibrating, journalists were barricaded outside of his house, hoping to catch a glimpse of the heartbroken singer, but Louis was anything but. The past eighteen months had been a nightmare, the lies and the deception were tearing Louis apart, his only solace was the fact that he knew it wouldn t last forever, the truth would come out in the end and Louis would be spared from the bullshit, eventually. Apart from a Skype meeting with his manager and publicist, he had been holed up in his house, radio silent, eating junk food and completely ignoring the mess the admission had left behind in its wake. Louis had become quite the†¦show more content†¦the initial. It was Harry. The same Harry who he hadn t spoken to in over a year, and the same Harry who had broken his heart. __________________________________________________________________ Flashback - December 2015 The boys had just performed their last show together on The X Factor before their hiatus was due to start and they were by all accounts totally exhausted. An array of cheers, hugs, and high-fives awaited them as they bounded off the stage, tears in their eyes, feeling quite emotional at the fact it would be a long time they would be together in that way again. After the congratulations and farewells had ended, Louis was in his dressing room getting changed into something that was a little less sweaty and a bit more comfortable when there was a knock at the door, accompanied by a soft, unmistakable voice calling out for him, it was Harry. Come in, just changing, Louis announced to the younger boy and smiled as he entered the room. Harry had changed his clothes since they d left the stage and instead of the bright, floral ensemble he was wearing previously, he now wore a loose pair of jogging bottoms, an unusually plain white shirt and his long hair was scraped back into a lazy bun. Louis eyes met with Harry s as he walked towards him with his arms outstretched. The two boys embraced one another, Louis arms were sliding around the small of Harry sShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Saint Louis1766 Words   |  8 Pages It seemed just like yesterday, back in the glory days. Back then, nearly two decades ago, life in the Saint Louis area was perfect. Unlike today where Saint Louis is known for its crime and violence, years ago conditions were different, the talk of the town used to be about the Cardinals baseball team, they were once the pride and joy of the city. Constantly in the news after win after win. For example, on this particular day on September 8th, 1998, a night that no Cardinal fan would dare to forgetRead MoreThe Xvii Century : A Political Point Of View909 Words   |  4 Pages The XVII Century, on a political point of view, was the time where France was pressured under the reign of Richelieu firstly and then under Louis XIV s and saw its great liberties dying one after the other, liberties France had since medieval times. Especially under Louis XIV s reign where he coined the famous sentence The King is me, The State is me. Tired by all the religious, political, literary earthquakes, the people were waiting patiently (not only the poor part of the population but alsoRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1305 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered a major turning point in European history which has led to dramatic changes in France and other regions of the world. Various social and political issues led to the start of the revolution. Politically, France suffered under the rule of Louis XVI, who ruled by absolute monarchy. Many people had their natural rights renounced and weren’t able to have a political voice. Socially, France had divided its population within 3 estates (classes). French citizens took it upon themselves to remodelRead MoreLouis Pasteur And Its Effects On Humans1032 Words   |  5 Pages Louis Pasteur made very important contributions to science. He figured out that microorganism scaled microbes made alcohol and milk go sour. Before his discovery, there was no way to stop beverages from going bad. Drinking spoiled drinks can have ve ry negative effects on humans. Louis created a process that destroys the microbes inside of liquids. To do this, you must heat up a liquid to a high temperature for a short amount of time. He named this revolutionary process pasteurization. In additionRead MoreA Little Brief Background On The Family Farm By Sylvia Bojcvuk956 Words   |  4 Pageswould soon meet her future husband, Louis Romanelli. Louis Romanelli, is the son of Italian immigrants from Naples, Italy. Louis Romanelli worked as a medic in the Korean War, was able to become a medical technician then a chiropractor from the G.I. bill. Louis Romanelli, before opening his own chiropractor practice, worked as a lab technician at the same hospital as Sylvia Bojcvuk. The not so romantic story of Louis and Sylvia was Sylvia did not like Louis, she found him very annoying and wantedRead MoreThe Road From Versailles : Louis Xvi, And The Fall Of The French Monarchy Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor- Munro Price Title- The road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the fall of the French Monarchy Citation- Price, Munro. The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy. New York: St. Martin s Press, 2003. Author’s Identity- Modern European Historian at the University of Bradford Date and Place of Document: France, 1792 Intended Purpose: Follow Louis XVI on his escape to Versailles and the monarchy he left behind. Intended Audience-Read More Louis Braille Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pagesbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Louis Braille Louis Braille was born in the Coupvray, France on January 4, 1809. His mother and father were Monique and Simon Renà © Braille. Louis was the youngest of four other children. Their names were Louis-Simon, Catherine-Josephine, and Marie-Celine. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Louis’ father, Simon Renà ©, was a saddler. He made saddles and harnesses for horses. His father had also been a saddler. Louis family led a simple, ordinary life. TheyRead MoreMy Family And I Have Recently Moved At St. Louis915 Words   |  4 PagesMy family and I have recently moved to St. Louis and we could not be more excited about starting our new life. 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Why is there unequal division of household labour in most of the society Free Essays

string(76) " of housework as reflecting resources men and women bring to relationships\." In this article, we address the division of household labour by examining its general situation and exploring different approaches used by different sociologist to account for it. The five approaches are namely exchange theory, resource theory, Marxist feminist theory, radical feminist theory and social construction theory will be discussed. With the evidence of previous researches, the situation of division of household labour is explored and evaluated in terms of its degree of gender inequality as manifested. We will write a custom essay sample on Why is there unequal division of household labour in most of the society? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the second part, the situation is being accounted by those five approaches so as to determine whether the situation can be altered. Household labour can be defined in a variety of ways, however, in this article, we acquire those employed by Shelton (1996), that is defined as unpaid work done to maintain family member and/ or a home, which, emotion work and other â€Å"invisible† types of work are typically excluded. Meanwhile, it is a job described as monotonous, fragmented, with low status not being treated as a â€Å"real† work, bring no financial remuneration, isolated with inherent time limits, and often received no recognition Oakley (Morris 1990:81). Since mid 1960s, researches on comparing the division of household labour between men and women has been mounting, it is not only due to the great impact of household labour on the family life of contemporary married couple, but also due to its implication of gender equality in the society to certain extend. In this article, we address this issue by examining its general situation and exploring different approaches used by different sociologist to account for it. Through this process, it is hoping to find out the most comprehensive approach so as to determine whether the situation can be altered. A great amount of researches on the division of household labour have evidenced that women share the majority of the housework with especially the responsibility for regular, routine repetitive and childcare related housework. While for men, they are more likely to perform non-routine tasks. For instance, from Chu’s research on the household distribution between women and men in Hong Kong (1997) revealed that â€Å"wife alone† occupies the largest share in taking up the actual responsibility of all the regular housework such as foodstuff buying, meal making, dish washing and house cleaning. etc.. Whereas, husband’s involvement is limited on those irregular tasks such as car washing, bill recording and maintaining and repairing household apparatus. He also find that more than one quarter of the 230 interviewed households rely entirely on wives alone to do eight items of housework. One may doubt the situation in western countries. Would the westernized value system decrease the discrepancy in the household division of labour? This is clarified by numerous researches done in UK and US recently, which suggest that the â€Å"traditional allocation of domestic work to the woman hold firm† (Morris, 1990:86). Martin and Roberts echoed with the above conclusion by reporting that 73 percent of wives and 72 percent of husbands said that most of the wife did most or all of the housework. Though, the percent decrease when the wife is in employment, yet, majority said that wife did majority of the housework. Abbott Wallace, 1997). From all these findings, we can conclude that the most notable characteristic of the current division of household labour is that whether employed or not, women continue to do the majority of housework. This pattern should never be ignored since as pointed out by several sociologists that the women’s rare continuous full-time careers or small labour-market participation are greatly affected by their family responsibilities especially the existence of dependent children (Abbott Wallace, 1997). The family responsibilities born by women despite their employment status create a dual role for them and the effects have been conceptualized by Morris in terms of â€Å"role strain†. She proposed that â€Å"it is manifest as a ‘wide’, distracting and sometimes conflicting array of role obligations† (1990:94) where the source of strain comes from the accumulation of roles and their contradictory, incompatible role expectations or from the competing demanding for time and attention. This result in overload of total demands on time and energy for women in general and may turn employment from a mean of offering positive social and psychological rewards and a major contributing factor to women’s increased liberation and independence (Pearson, 1990), to a stress for women. The tension for women between career and family is therefore is due to the unequal household distribution in the family on one hand. The inequality in power, status and wealth between men and women on the other hand is another reflection from the household distribution. However, what contribute to this pattern of household labour division? In the following, we explore five approaches in accounting this situation and concluding if it is possible for the unequal situation to be altered. The five approaches are namely exchange theory, resource theory, Marxist feminist theory, radical feminist theory and social construction theory. â€Å"Exchange theory with a view to examining family cohesion from the perspective of reciprocity and the exchange of rights and duties between husband and wife† (Morris, 1990:82). It sees marital satisfaction such as companionship, empathy and affection was attained from the instrumental exchange between economic provision and domestic labour from husband and wife respectively. From this approach, we can get inference that men spend more time in paid work while women spend more time in domestic work as they are naturally assigned to. Therefore, it fails to take account of differential power within marriage and of social status outside the marriage. That is it cannot explain why there is such exchange pattern, why man as a breadwinner and women as a housekeeper? Resource theory, an alternative approach may provide some explanation for it. It is proposed by Blood and Wolfe in 1959 (see Morris 1990) who applied the idea of differential control of valued resources and elaborated its application to the organization of household labour. This approach sees the division of housework as reflecting resources men and women bring to relationships. You read "Why is there unequal division of household labour in most of the society?" in category "Papers" The possible critical resources proposed are the educational attainment, occupational prestige and the amount of earning from labour market. It formulated that the more powerful spouses do least household labour and that if the wife does most household labour it is because she wields least power. In other words, the individual with most resources can use those resources to negotiate his/her way out of housework (Brines 1993: quoted from Shelton John 1996:304). Thus this approach assumes that housework is viewed negatively by both women and men and that they are therefore motivated to reduced their share of it. So, in this approach, division of household labour is actually an indicator of power and through which, we can understand the specific negotiations and decisions arrived at by individual couples in the organization of domestic life. Blood and Wolfe continue to argue that base on cross-cultural comparison, husband’s relatively low contribution to domestic labour is not ideologically based but a result of rational resources distribution. In other words, the man has strength in the labour market and the women have time. Nonetheless, this approach have not addressed why men has more strength in the work field with higher educational attainment, higher earning and higher occupational prestige. According to above two approaches, division of household labour should be more equally shared with recent growth of married women’s employment as well as the release of many men from the rigours the occupational system by unemployment, when, women are provided with chances to gain more resources and independence. Young and Willmott (1973; Quoted from Morris, 1990) proposed that the middle classes were at the forefront of a move towards symmetricality in marriage in which the role of husband and wife will become more identical. Wong stand in the same line with Young and Willmott stated that industrialization has substantially increased employment opportunities for women and as a result, has significantly advanced their position within the family. He observed that the wife’s paid employment has contributed to much greater equality between spouses, in sharing of household duties and in decision-making (Leung, 1996). However, hitherto tasks of wage and earning and domestic labour are still largely segregated. Many researches can only give little evidence of male unemployment leading to major responsibility for domestic work, nor even to their taking an equal share. It is because most of the researches which asserted male have participated more in domestic labour are actually based on proportional sense but not absolute sense (Morris, 1990; Chu, 1997). In this sense, the proportion of man’s contribution rises with the wife’s employment is only due to her own household labour time falls rather than to his rise. This kind of â€Å"cutting back† or the kind of â€Å"role expansion† as mentioned above is not a real reappointment of household labour. The following three approaches can provide a more in depth explanation to account for such persistent pattern of unequal household division pattern between men and women. The emergence of capitalism with the related rise of mercantilism, industrialization, and a cash-based economy, eroded the position of women by shifting the centre of production form the domestic until to the public workplace. This separation not only devalued women’s labour in the home, but it also made women more economically dependent on men† (Tilly and Scott, 1978; quoted from Anderson, 1997). This view of devaluation in women’s status is clearly linked to the raise of in dustrialization and capitalism. It is claimed that industrialization make the home became separated from the place of work and gradually women became associated with the domestic sphere, while men with public sphere, earning a wage and participating in politics. Then capitalist benefited from this segregation in domestic and earning labour as â€Å"women’s domestic labour reproduce the relations of production and also contributes to the maintenance of tolerable living standards for men and may reduce political pressure for radical change†(Abbott Wallace, 1997:201). From this approach, the division of domestic labour is related to the sexual division of labour in paid employment and this is why Marxist feminists derived women’s oppression from capitalism. It is this benefit for the capitalist help keeping the division of domestic labour in a way that trapped women in the domestic sphere by decreasing women from opportunity of promotion and high earning. This view set out to analyze the situation not simply the relationship between domestic labour and the capitalist system, but also queries the nature of the relationship between paid worker and the domestic worker. Nonetheless, as Morris pointed out, once we take the feminine nature of the domestic role as our starting point then the focus of analysis need to be directed from an exploration of the relationship between capitalism, waged labour and domestic labour, to a focus on the nature of the male-female relationship (1990:83). This change of emphasis leads us to the post hold by radical feminist, which holds that the sources of women’s oppression and domination at unpaid labourers is not capitalism but patriarchy that is â€Å"a system of values that asserts and maintains man’s dominant position in society† (Morris, 1990:83). Abbott and Wallace also proposed that it is men’s control over financial resources that gives them power in marriage and makes it difficult for a wife to be independent from her husband. Radical feminist argue that patriarchy in the patriarchal mode of production existed long before the development of capitalism. Yet, the line between patriarchy and capitalism is ambiguous as they are both historically induced from industrialization, in which separation of paid and unpaid work, and development of the role of â€Å"housewife† is evoked. This in turn developed capitalism and patriarchy intertwiningly. The picture provided by capitalism and patriarchy for domestic labour distribution is not complete if we did not take social construction theory into account. It explain why the above two ideologies about the economic structure and men respectively can have a spiral effect in the society. Sociologists who regard gender as social construction (Fenstermaker et al, 1991, Lorber 1986; quoted from Shelton John, 1996) argue that housework produces both household goods and services and gender. It is pointed out that women’s time spent on housework and men’s general avoidance of it produce and transform gender. Therefore, researches find out that women and men may view their housework as expression of their gender and that women’s attempt to think of housework as nurturance and love rather than work. This social construction of gender is a product out of the two ideologies as evidenced from institutional and normative forces and the cultural message about the role of male and female. As mentioned before, capitalism and patriarchy exploited women by depriving them to get as much power and status as men. When this is widespread and progress to become a social norm which in turn rooted into people’s mind and constructed an ideology of gender, a vicious cycle may be resulted. For instance, they employers assume that motherhood is more central to women’s lives than in career and the limited job opportunities and the low pay that the women receive may actually push them into marriage and motherhood. Women are then described to be trapped into the domestic sphere in an extreme sense as early socialization in the family, schooling, presentation of women’s role in mass media and the structure mode in society all promote the unbalance share of domestic household. This approach can account for findings about the conservative gender role held by most of women even nowadays. It is found that a few women believed their husband were not doing enough and majority did not expect their husbands to share household responsibilities equally (Yogev, 1981: quoted from Morris, 1990:101). Undoubtedly, women’s right and status are increasing with more voices against gender inequality. Yet, whether the trend of more and more obligation for a married women to became a working wife or working mother can attenuate the role specialization within the conjugal setting, depends much on the how they perceive housework and how they define fairness in the household. From the five theories discussed above, we can concluded that household labour division is inevitably a manifestation of gender inequality, while exchange theory and resources theory explain the situation with the most salient phenomenon such as material and resources allocation between men and women, Marxist feminist theory, radical feminist theory and social construction theory use a relatively more thorough approach to account for it. Therefore, we can speculated that in order to breakthrough the long-drawn practice of unequal division of household labour, women should firstly be conscious that equal share of domestic household with men is a right that is reasonable for them to pursue and secondly she has to undergo the struggle induced from the rooted cultural predisposition on the role as being a women, that is a mother and a wife. Otherwise, the spiral effect caused by capitalism, patriarchy and social construction will resist the division of household labour to change. 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The Effect Of Highspeed Trains On Society Essays -

The Effect Of Highspeed Trains On Society A major reason in favor of the construction of high-speed trains in America is to relieve airways and traffic congestion. First, delays at airports are costly. Larry Johnson, director of the Center for transportation Research at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, calculates that passengers lose more that twelve million hours each year in delays at OHare airport alone. In 1986, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airlines, delays cost five billion dollars, including two billion in extra fuel and labor cost, for the ailing airline industry. According to the FAA, relieving airport congestion will cost one hundred and seventeen billion over the next decade (Mobey 14). Transportation planners predict that freeways will suffer from unbearable gridlock over the next two decades. Their conventional wisdom maintains that the U.S. cannot build out of this congestion. The Southern California Association of Governments says that daily commute time, in the Los Angeles ar ea will double by two thousand and twenty and unbearable present conditions on the freeways will become even worse. By two thousand and twenty, drives are expected to spend Seve nty percent of their time in stop-and-go traffic, as compared to fifty six percent today. Similar predictions have been made for metro areas around the country. Yet the best alternatives that they can offer are to spend billions more on public transport that hardly anyone will use and to try to force people into carpools that do not fit the ways they actually live and work (Samuel p 1). Highway traffic is also costly. Maintaining the interstate highway system could run three trillion dollars over the next several decades (Moberg 14). Urban congestion is a hidden tax on the productivity and welfare of urban areas everywhere. In areas like Los Angeles and New York, this tax is eight billion dollars per year; nationally, about fifty six billion per year. In the next twenty years, this insidious tax is projected to nearly double (Mallinckarodt p1). Bill Fay said, Cars stuck in traffic waste more fuel and emit more pollutants than cars that are moving(Dahl 4). High occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes are one of the primary tools used to reduce traffic congestion on the state highway system and improve air quality (HOV Lanes in California p1). The usual goal of HOV lane restrictions is to provide overall congestion, and emissions reduction (Mallinckdet. p 1). However, in recent years, HOV lanes effectiveness in achieving these goals has come in to question (HOV Lanes in California p1). When drivers use a highway, they do not pay the cost that they may be imposing on other drivers. Ideally, traffic should flow smoothly at the speed limit. However, as traffic increases, eventually the addition of one more vehicle will slow the flow and increase the travel time of other vehicles. At this point congestion (the negative externality) begins (Dahl p4). Sen Daniel Patrick Moynihan said, The train technology, offers great opportunities to reduce congestion in our surface and air transportation system (Clough 9). Thus building high-speed trains would aid the problem of increa sing congestion at Americas airports and on the highways. Those who argue against high-speed trains cite their negative effects to the environment. Environmental concerns have been raised with respect to high-speed rail. High-speed rails ability to materially reduce air pollution and energy consumption is dependent upon significantly reducing automobile and airline use ( Dahl p2). The FDOTs (Florida Department of Transportation) projections, anticipate so few people transferring from autos and air that any air pollution or energy gain would be inconsequential. Further, construction of major infrastructure projects consumes energy. It has been estimated that San Franciscos BART rapid transit system consumed more energy in construction than the future diversion from automobiles would save (Dahl p4). Burning fossil fuels, a process that expends approximately two times as much energy as it produces, generates most Florida electric power. Electric propulsion thus loses some of its advantage over fossil fuel propulsion (Johnson 2). Additionally F rench Champagne growers claim that high-speed rail embankments trap cold air, threatening their crops. A similar effect in Florida could make preservation of adjacent citrus crops more challenging (Dahl 1). However, students are now being educated on